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We may not all be geniuses, but, as the Romans developed the concept, we all came to have one; even the gods were so endowed, with an essence, an animating spirit.  We see them regularly on cameos, where they usually pass for the large-C Cupid.  What differentiates the Geniuses (also Genii or Genij) from the God of Love is their means of transportation or their engagement in an activity characteristic of some other god.  Sometimes they represent the occupations of simple mortals.  (Another genius, from a somewhat different mold, is discussed in the article on The Genius of Peace.)

Giulio di Pietro di Filippo de’ Gianuzzi, also known as Giulio Pippi or, for his Roman birth, Giulio Romano, a student of Raphael who went on to a successful career of his own as a painter and architect, seems to have been the author of many of the images that made their way onto cameos, while others may be the work of the Master himself.  They were preserved and disseminated through etchings made of drawings by Tommaso Piroli, after the original paintings, published by Pietro and Francesco Piranesi.

genius-of-pan printIt is perhaps natural, since goats are appropriate companions for both Cupid and the woodland deity Pan, lusty creatures all, that the Génie de Pan/Genio di Pan may caper into view more often than any of the others.

Genius Pan Cameo 4
Genius Pan Cameo 3Genius Pan Cameo 2Genius Pan Cameo 1


 

The equally lusty god of wine and revelry, Bacchus/Dionysus, is so, ahem, spirited, his Genius has several variations, with his car drawn by fauns (or satyrs that are themselves geniuses) or by a panther and pantheress.genius-of-bacchus-1 printGenius Bacchus1 Cameo 1Genius Bacchus1 Cameo 2Genius-of-Bacchus-2 printGenius Bacchus2 Cameo 1Genius Bacchus2 Cameo 2Cupid Masquerading as Bacchus Girometti MMA 2
Cupid Masquerading as Bacchus cameoAlthough clearly part of the same tradition, not all of these figures and compostitions are known as Geniuses.  The piece by Girometti in the Metropolitan Museum of Art is described as Cupid Masquerading as Bacchus.  L'Amour du Vin Triomphant is drawn by a goat and a lion; wine can make a man a lover or a fighter.  In this case, l'amour, literally "the love", is the equivalent of a small-C cupid, not the emotion. Similar terms in Italian are amoretto (pl., amoretti) and amorino (pl., amorini).Lamour du vin triomphant  print

 LAmour du Vin Triomphant cameo

 

genius-of-cybele printGenius Cybele cameo 1Cybele, primal mother of gods, is represented by her companion lions.